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The secret reason we treat strep throat

Chad Hayes, MD You may have read my recent post about ear infections and how they are over-diagnosed and over-treated. Guess what—ear infections are not alone. Strep throat is another common pediatric infection that is over-diagnosed and over-treated. In adult patients, it’s easy to make a case for not treating it at all. And although kids aren’t just little adults, and the evidence is a little less clear-cut, pediatricians may need to back off, too. I know you already don’t believe me (nor do some of my patients…or my mother), but let me make my case: Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis (which will henceforth be referred to as “strep throat”) is a sore throat caused by a type of bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes. The same organism causes other infections as well, but I’ll focus on the throat. Common symptoms seen with strep throat include sore throat, fever, headache, and nausea. This disease is more common in school-age children and teenagers than it is in adults, but rarely se...
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Hormones: Prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, named because of its role in lactation. It also has other wide ranging functions in the body from acting on the reproductive system to influencing behaviour and regulating the immune system. Alternative names for prolactin In everyday language, prolactin is referred to as the ‘milk hormone’; PRL; luteotropic hormone; LTH. What is prolactin? Prolactin is a hormone named originally after its function to promote milk production (lactation) in mammals in response to the suckling of young after birth. It has since been shown to have more than 300 functions in the body. These can be divided into a number of areas: reproductive, metabolic, regulation of fluids (osmoregulation), regulation of the immune system (immunoregulation) and behavioural functions. In humans, prolactin is produced both in the front portion of the pituitary gland (anterior pituitary gland) and in a range of sites elsewhere in the body. Lactotroph cells i...
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Dopamine

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Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that regulates our emotional responses, movement, pain, and the brain’s pleasure and reward center. Without dopamine, we wouldn’t be able to feel pleasure or motivation; however, it can also play a role in addiction. Introduction Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells ( R ). Dopamine is produced in the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus ( R ). There are several distinct dopamine pathways in the brain, one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior ( R ). Dopamine levels in the brain is increased by most types of rewards, and dopamine neuronal activity is increased by most addictive drugs ( R ). Dopamine has many roles in humans, which include: movement, memory, pleasure and reward, behavior and ...
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