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How does cerebral hypoxia cause euphoria?

The mechanism by which the conscious feeling of euphoria is felt is still unknown. Due to the multiple methods by which euphoria can occur it is likely a 'natural' state of the brain that can be triggered either naturally or unnaturally. It is also likely that it occurs in the same brain regions responsible for mood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system You'll note that many of the structures connected to the reward system are glutamatergic interneurons. This means that excess glutamate can trigger the reward system to produce euphoric feelings. In cerebral hypoxia the lack of oxygen results in a lack of energy for the cell. Mainly this results in the switching off of the sodium / potassium pump. A nerve cell fires by moving sodium outside the cell and potassium inside the cell to create concentration gradients, that are then reversed during an action potential. If the pump does not have oxygen then this mechanism stops. This results in an increase in e...
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Hormones: Prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, named because of its role in lactation. It also has other wide ranging functions in the body from acting on the reproductive system to influencing behaviour and regulating the immune system. Alternative names for prolactin In everyday language, prolactin is referred to as the ‘milk hormone’; PRL; luteotropic hormone; LTH. What is prolactin? Prolactin is a hormone named originally after its function to promote milk production (lactation) in mammals in response to the suckling of young after birth. It has since been shown to have more than 300 functions in the body. These can be divided into a number of areas: reproductive, metabolic, regulation of fluids (osmoregulation), regulation of the immune system (immunoregulation) and behavioural functions. In humans, prolactin is produced both in the front portion of the pituitary gland (anterior pituitary gland) and in a range of sites elsewhere in the body. Lactotroph cells i...
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All About Histamine – 31 Surprising Roles of Histamine, Histamine Receptors and Histamine Metabolism

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Histamine is widely known as a substance that contributes to allergies, asthma, eczema, and coughs. In addition, histamine is also a neurotransmitter with very important roles both in the brain and in the gut. Read this post to learn more about histamine. Introduction Histamine is a biogenic amine ( R , R ). Its name is derived from the Greek word ‘histos’, meaning tissue. Histamine got its name based on the fact that it can be found in various tissues ( R ). Histamine was discovered in 1910 by the winner of the 1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine, Sir Henry H. Dale ( R ). Since then, there has been a multitude of research involving histamine. However, there is still a lot we don’t know about histamine and its various functions. Histamine Production Histamine is produced from the amino acid histidine, by the enzyme  HDC  (histidine-decarboxylase) ( R , R ). Cells that can produce and store histamine include ( R , R , R ): Mast cel...
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