VALO'S ARCHIVE

Fry JM, Pressman MR, DiPhillipo MA, Forst-Paulus M. Abstract The effectiveness of codeine as a treatment for the excessive daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy was studied in two experimental trials. In an open trial of codeine in five narcoleptic subjects, dramatic clinical improvement was reported . However, all-night polysomnography and maintenance of wakefulness tests before and after codeine showed no significant differences . A double-blind placebo-codeine trial was conducted in which eight narcoleptic subjects received codeine for 1 week and placebo for 1 week in a random order. During the week they kept a diary, and on the sixth evening and for 10 h following awakening on the seventh day they were monitored by radiotelemetry in the sleep laboratory for electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, and electromyogram. The results were analyzed for sleep stages as well as four levels of wakefulness. The results showed no significant differences in any of the objective sleep or wakefu...

(edheee shpjegimi logjik pse sherbehet mezja me pije alkoolike... The body maintains an adequate level of glucose in the blood using various mechanisms, one of which is gluconeogenesis in the liver.  Gluconeogenesis is particularly significant at hours distant to meals when glucose released to the bloodstream from the liver is more prominent than dietary intake. Biochemically, pyruvate and oxaloacetate at the initials steps of the gluconeogenesis pathway are shunted away due to increased levels of NADH that occur as a result of alcohol comsumption, so these molecules cannot be utilized to form new molecules of glucose. On the other hand, glycolysis, which uses the available glucose for production of energy and several other purposes, is also prevented by the same high levels of NADH. Alcohol consumed, namely ethanol is metabolised by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.  This enzyme uses NAD as a cofactor to oxidise ethanol and produce acetaldehyde while NAD is reduced t...