VALO'S ARCHIVE

This is not true. ("anymore") They actually have found that C6G is the primary active compound and not CYP2D6, which only contributes to 5% of the metabolite process. Consequently, being a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6 will have a negligible effect. This also means that there is no ceiling effect to codeine like we previously thought! They also found that inhibiting CYP2D6 does nothing to stop addiction or abuse, as the person still gets high even with complete CYP2D6 inhibition due to it being negligible in the metabolization. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine Codeine is metabolized to codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase UGT2B7, and, since only about 5% of codeine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, the current evidence is that C6G is the primary active compound.[20] Claims about the supposed "ceiling effect" of codeine doses are based on the assumption that high doses of codeine saturate CYP2D6, preventing furt...

To be fair, Indica and Sativa can only really be used to describe the appearance of a plant. It says nothing about the possible effects, for multiple reasons. CCR : Some users describe the psychoactive effects of Cannabis indica and sativa as being distinctive, even opposite. But are they really? Beyond self-reports from users, is there any hard evidence for pharmacologically different species of Cannabis? Dr. Russo : There are biochemically distinct strains of Cannabis, but the sativa/indica distinction as commonly applied in the lay literature is total nonsense and an exercise in futility. One cannot in any way currently guess the biochemical content of a given Cannabis plant based on its height, branching, or leaf morphology . The degree of interbreeding/hybridization is such that only a biochemical assay tells a potential consumer or scientist what is really in the plant. It is essential that future commerce allows complete and accurate cannabinoid and terpenoid profiles ...

Sexually explicit media use in adults linked to greater depressive symptoms, poorer quality of life, more mental- and physical-health diminished days, and lower health status. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946159 Study shows adolescents exposed to SEWs (sexually explicit websites) were more likely to have multiple lifetime sexual partners , to have had more than one sexual partner in the last 3 months, to have used alcohol or other substances at last sexual encounter ), and to have engaged in anal sex. Adolescents who visit SEWs display higher sexual permissiveness scores compared with those who have never been exposed , indicating a more permissive attitude. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628142 Porn use associated with higher number of one night stands and other sexual high risk behavior http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25239659 Juvenile sex offenders who watch porn more likely to display aggressive behaviors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21665787 St...

Abstract Heavy cannabis use has been frequently associated with increased rates of mental illness and cognitive impairment, particularly amongst adolescent users. However, the neurobiological processes that underlie these associations are still not well understood. In this review, we discuss the findings of studies examining the acute and chronic effects of cannabis use on the brain, with a particular focus on the impact of commencing use during adolescence. Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that regular heavy use during this period is associated with more severe and persistent negative outcomes than use during adulthood, suggesting that the adolescent brain may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cannabis exposure. As the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in brain development, it is plausible that prolonged use during adolescence results in a disruption in the normative neuromaturational processes that occur during this period....

Abstract

Acetylcholine is a hot topic within the realm of memory enhancement. It is a neurotransmitter that is critical for the everyday functioning of the brain, particularly in the areas of movement, learning & memory, and sleep quality. Check out this post to learn how to promote balanced acetylcholine in your body and function at your very best. Introduction  Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is used for many things: from stimulating muscles to memory and sleep. Acetylcholine is synthesized in nerve terminals from acetyl-CoA (which is synthesized from glucose) and choline in a reaction that is catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase [ R] . Acetylcholine controls movements by activating skeletal muscles and causes muscle contraction [ R ]. Acetylcholine and histamine interact together to contract muscles in the lungs [ R ]. It also schedules and promotes REM sleep [ R ]. Another important role of acetylcholine is in the brain; it is involved in m...

There is an ancient Chinese saying that calls for “eating honey every night.” European folk healers have recommended drinking a cup of warm milk with a teaspoon of honey before bedtime since the Middle Ages. Traditional Mexican healers have long prescribed a teaspoon of honey with chamomile. And yet… nowadays you constantly hear the warning to stop eating after 7pm. How did we adopt such an opposite practice? It turns out that raw organic honey is a true miracle food to eat directly before you go to sleep. You may be afraid that the sugar content will cause weight gain, but the shocking reality is that it does the opposite: it helps your body burn fat and allows your liver to process toxins effectively. Sounds crazy, I know – but keep reading! When we go to bed at night we have the chance to activate 1 of 2 types of physiology: recovery or stress. Our liver is what works so hard to repair our bodies while we rest, so which one you experience boils down to whether or not your liv...

Fry JM, Pressman MR, DiPhillipo MA, Forst-Paulus M. Abstract The effectiveness of codeine as a treatment for the excessive daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy was studied in two experimental trials. In an open trial of codeine in five narcoleptic subjects, dramatic clinical improvement was reported . However, all-night polysomnography and maintenance of wakefulness tests before and after codeine showed no significant differences . A double-blind placebo-codeine trial was conducted in which eight narcoleptic subjects received codeine for 1 week and placebo for 1 week in a random order. During the week they kept a diary, and on the sixth evening and for 10 h following awakening on the seventh day they were monitored by radiotelemetry in the sleep laboratory for electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, and electromyogram. The results were analyzed for sleep stages as well as four levels of wakefulness. The results showed no significant differences in any of the objective sleep or wakefu...

Opioids attach to receptors in the brain. Normally these opioids are the endogenous variety that are created naturally in the body. Once attached, they send signals to the brain of the "opioid effect" which blocks pain, slows breathing, and has a general calming and anti-depressing effect. The body cannot produce enough natural opioids to stop severe or chronic pain nor can it produce enough to cause an overdose. opioids can activate receptors because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter. This similarity in structure "fools" receptors and allows the drugs to lock onto and activate the nerve cells. Although these drugs mimic brain chemicals, they don't activate nerve cells in the same way as a natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages being transmitted through the network. Opioids target the brain's reward system by flooding the circuit with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions o...

If you read the ingredients label on a loaf of bread, you will usually find an ingredient listed there as L-cysteine. This is a non-essential amino acid added to many baked goods as a dough conditioner in order to speed industrial processing. It's usually not added directly to flour intended for home use, but you'll find it throughout commercial breads such as pizza dough, bread rolls and pastries. While some L-cysteine is directly synthesized in laboratories, most of it is extracted from a cheap and abundant natural protein source: human hair. The hair is dissolved in acid and L-cysteine is isolated through a chemical process, then packaged and shipped off to commercial bread producers. Besides human hair, other sources of L-cysteine include chicken feathers, duck feathers, cow horns and petroleum byproducts. Most of the hair used to make L-cysteine is gathered from the floors of barbershops and hair salons in China, by the way. While the thought of eating dissolved hai...

Coffee and hormones:  Here's how coffee really affects your health. By Bryan Walsh Throughout its long history, coffee has endured both accolades and opposition. Over the ages, some of the world’s greatest composers, thinkers and statesmen have extolled coffee’s virtues, while others have denounced it as a poisonous, mind-corrupting drug. Coffee has been praised by certain religions and prohibited by others. Some governments have subsidized coffee crops; others have imposed steep taxes and duties on them. Doctors vali­date coffee’s health benefits yet worry about its contribution to cardiovascu­lar disease, diabetes, and even cancer. Coffee is more popular than ever, which contributes to its contradictory status. In moderation, coffee poses minimal health risks for most people. In some cases, coffee even appears to be protective. But many North Ameri­cans now consume coffee in large quantities, which can significantly damage our neuroendocrineimmune system over...

After suffering through cancer, the middle-age woman decided her illness was too much to bear. Everything she ate, she painfully vomited back up. The prospect of surgery and a colostomy bag held no appeal. And so, against the advice of her doctors, the patient decided to stop eating and drinking. Over the next 40 days in 1993, Dr. Robert Sullivan of Duke University Medical Center observed her gradual decline, providing one of the most detailed clinical accounts of starvation and dehydration. Instead of feeling pain, the patient experienced the characteristic sense of euphoria that accompanies a complete lack of food and water. She was cogent for weeks, chatting with her caregivers in the nursing home and writing letters to family and friends. As her organs finally failed, she slipped painlessly into a coma and died. In the evolving saga of Terri Schiavo, the prospect of the 41- year-old Florida woman suffering a slow and painful death from starvation has been a galvanizing forc...

First let’s look at what keeps cancer cells alive, then we will come back and examine how the cannabinoids CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) unravels cancer’s aliveness. In every cell there is a family of interconvertible sphingolipids that specifically manage the life and death of that cell. This profile of factors is called the “ Sphingolipid Rheostat .” If endogenous ceramide (a signaling metabolite of sphingosine-1-phosphate) is high, then cell death ( apoptosis ) is imminent. If ceramide is low, the cell is strong in its vitality. Very simply, when THC connects to the CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptor site on the cancer cell, it causes an increase in ceramide synthesis which drives cell death. A normal healthy cell does not produce ceramide in the presence of THC, thus is not affected by the cannabinoid. The cancer cell dies, not because of cytotoxic chemicals, but because of a tiny little shift in the mitochondria. Within most cells there is a cell nucleus, ...